Implications of the Classical Symphony free essay sample

Among these elements is he classical symphony, which was established by Joseph Haydn. Though many other genres existed at the time, it was the symphony that stood out and clearly represented the substance Of the Classical period. The classical period can be best described as an evolutionary offshoot of the Baroque era. Whereas the Baroque era focused on the exaggeration of melodic expression, the Classical period boasted clearer texture and much greater simplicity.One can note this difference when we compare the textures of both eras, Baroque music sported imitative polyphony, with a plethora of melodies playing altogether simultaneously in a convolution of USIA (State 20). However, the Classical period provides a much concise sound with homophony. This allowed composers to create a single, all powerful theme that is supported by various sounds that do compliment this theme. Although some may think that this background music detracts from the content of a musical piece, it instead supports it and brings about a consistent contrast which amplifies the main theme of th e musical piece. We will write a custom essay sample on Implications of the Classical Symphony or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Homophony allowed for easy listening for the audience to enjoy, which at the same time brought about a pleasing attitude during performances. Among there things, Classical music is very forgiving when it comes to rhythm. Rhythm in the Baroque era could be best described as unvarying. Although composers may very well add various melodies in their compositions, classical composers, especially Haydn, worked around with rhythm to produce different tempos in their music (Whitfield 140).In order to compliment this waving rhythm, composers were also very forgiving when it came to repetition. It was during this period that repetition led the way for many musical works. Many of these repetitions, or themes, till this day are widely known. Take for example Beethovens Symphony No. In C minor, where the four note theme is constantly modified throughout the piece in different variations, yet never changes completely (Virtual Media Reserves). These are some of the elements that characterize the classical symphony.The classical symphony is one of the many instrumental genres that complimented the classical period. First and foremost, the classical symphony is the epitome of systemic organization till this point of time. This highly organized genre can only be rivaled by the religious Mass in terms of organization and complication. Created by Joseph Haydn, the classical homophony is the general template which many composers during and after the classical era have followed (Knights 137). Composers such as Joseph Haydn himself, as well as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven, exploited the structured design of this genre to compose a variety of well organized pieces vital to the development of western music. Heydays involvement in the development of the classical symphony is as remarkable as his use of it. During his lifetime, he composed a total of 104 symphonies, of which the last twelve were written specifically for performances done in London, dubbed the London Symphonies. Musicologist James Webster commends Haydn for his work, stating He excelled in every musical genreHe is familiarly known as the father of the symphony and could with greater justice be thus regarded for the string quartet; no other composer approaches his combination of productivity, quality and historical importance in these genres which holds much merit (Webster 220). Such was his influence that, just as Webster said, Haydn plays a crucial role in the development of Western music. The father Of the symphony is a title not given easily. Heydays symphony follows a strict organizational pattern. For the most part, the symphony is composed of four distinct movements.These movements can be effectively separated by differing tempos, form, and rhythm. The classical symphony is an instrumental genre that takes advantage of a large orchestra, unlike the previous genres of the Baroque era (State 55). It was not common to see a complete orchestra for a symphony, unlike a concerto which takes advantage of fewer instruments. The first movement of a symphony must comprise of a fast or moderate tempo. Furthermore, this opening movement takes advantage of the sonata form to provide a before moving on to the next movement. Thematic contrast is the key when it comes to sonata form.This form employs four sections titled exposition, development, recapitulation, and coda. Exposition lays the foundation of base material for the movement. Under most circumstances, this stage of the sonata form establishes the main theme from which the movement is mainly composed of (State 70). Any tune or musical phrase may become a theme, and one obvious example Heydays Symphony No. 88 in G. Although it contains an introduction, the exposition of Symphony No. 88 lays out the theme that carries on throughout the first movement, though a hanger in key is present (Virtual Media Reserves).This modulation, or bridge, can be precisely described as a transition that allows the listener to note the contrasting aspect of this piece. This forward movement of tension gives way to the development of the musical piece, never allowing it to remain stagnant with the same sound over and over again (State 80). To end the exposition, Haydn creates a cadence theme to bring a feeling of closure to the exposition, allowing the development stage to begin. In the development section of the first movement, themes are in constant transformation. Counterpoint may be employed to further easy the illusion of contrast, chaos, and tension, but in reality, the theme remains substantially the same. The combination of both theme and background sound is a popular technique, allowing the composer to manipulate the theme in such a simple way that it remains identical in its core, yet distinct enough to carry on the progressive change established by the first movement (State 80). This progressive change eventually forgoes a change back into the first theme again, bringing about the resolution.In the resolution stage, all the manipulation and change started by the exposition, and led partly by the development, comes to a sense of closure. In essence, everything comes back to its original order, with the occasional manipulation here and there brought to an end with a coda, which is the schematic wrapping up of the first movement (State 103). The first movement of a symphony goes through a variety of transformations and manipulations of th e same theme over a period of time, only to come back to its original form.For the most part, these series Of contrasts amaze the listener in many ways. Among such examples is Mozart Symphony No. 40 in G. Minor, 4. 550 (Whitfield 78). In it, the main theme is repeated twice in the exposition, but with the second theme modified in key. Upon reaching the development stage, modulation occurs, and counterpoint is used. In the recapitulation stage, the main theme returns with great power (State 103). The main characteristic of the second movement of the symphony is its contrast to the first movement.For the most part, it embraces a slow tempo and quiet mood. In most cases, the second movement is somber and solemn, unlike the fast paced first movement. Variation form takes precedence in cost cases, which is similar to Sonata form but not as structured. Modifications of the main theme follow each other, only to end with a coda (Knights 56). Unlike sonata form, Variation form does not contain any sort of a resolution stage. The third movement of the symphony undergoes a dramatic shift. It instantly becomes a minuet, with three beats per minute. The minuet takes a moderate tempo, and once again adopts a new form. The ternary form starts with a main theme, or section. It is immediately followed by a second section, only to come back to the first section with little to no contrast in between (Knights 60). This secret transition sometimes takes the listener by surprise, as the piece slowly but surely starts again with the first section in such a way that the listener cannot notice it. The fourth movement acts much like a finale.It assumes a fast tempo and rondo form to exemplify the repetition Of the main theme followed by a different tune. This tune is then followed by the main theme again, only to be followed by another tune. This ABACAS form can best be described as a violent confrontation of themes. Accompanied by the relatively fast tempo, this clash of themes brings about an epic end to the symphony, leaving the audience in awe (Knights 66). Though structured in such a systematic way, the classical symphony as a genre is a success.The various elements that encompass the genre all work together to create a piece of substance. Though composers such as Haydn digressed from the imitative polyphony of the Baroque era, the classical symphony is a perfect example of how western music can employ new techniques and move forward in the development of music. The incorporation of various tempos, forms, and textures all define the classical symphony as a definitive work of art. Works Cited State, Will. The Classical Symphony. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990. Knights, Tamari.

Fourth Amendment - the Text, Origins, and Meaning

Fourth Amendment - the Text, Origins, and Meaning The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution is a section of the Bill of Rights that protects the people from being subjected to unreasonable searches and seizures of property by law enforcement officers or the federal government. However, the Fourth Amendment does not prohibit all searches and seizures, but only those that are found by a court to be unreasonable under the law. The Fifth Amendment, as part of the original 12 provisions of the Bill of Rights, was submitted to the states by Congress on September 25, 1789, and was ratified on December 15, 1791. The full text of the Fourth Amendment states: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Motivated by British Writs of Assistance Originally created to enforced the doctrine that â€Å"each man’s home is his castle,† The Fourth Amendment was written directly in response to British general warrants, called Writs of Assistance, in which the Crown would grant overarching, non-specific search powers to British law enforcement officials. Through Writs of Assistance, officials were free to search virtually any home they liked, at any time they liked, for any reason they liked or for no reason at all. Since some of the founding fathers had been smugglers in England, this was an especially unpopular concept in the colonies. Clearly, the framers of the Bill of Rights considered such colonial-era searches to be â€Å"unreasonable.† What Are ‘Unreasonable’ Searches Today? In deciding whether a particular search is reasonable, the courts attempt to weigh important interests: The extent to which the search intruded on the individuals Fourth Amendment rights and the extent to which the search was motivated by valid government interests, such as public safety. Warrantless Searches Not Always ‘Unreasonable’ Through several rulings, the U.S. Supreme Court has established that the extent to which an individual is protected by the Fourth Amendment depends, in part, on the location of the search or seizure. It is important to note that according to these rulings, there are several circumstances under which police may lawfully conduct â€Å"warrantless searches.† Searches in the Home:  According to Payton v. New York (1980), Searches and seizures conducted inside a home without a warrant are presumed to be unreasonable. However, such â€Å"warrantless searches† may be lawful under certain circumstances, including: If a responsible person gives the police permission to search the property. (Davis v. United States)If the search is conducted during a lawful arrest. (United States v. Robinson)If there is clear and immediate probable cause to conduct the search. (Payton v. New York)If the items being searched for are in plain view of the officers. (Maryland v. Macon) Searches of the Person:  In what is popularly known as its â€Å"stop and frisk† decision in the 1968 case of Terry v. Ohio, the Court ruled that when police officers see â€Å"unusual conduct† leading them to reasonably conclude that criminal activity may be taking place, the officers may briefly stop the suspicious person and make reasonable inquiries aimed at confirming or dispelling their suspicions. Searches in Schools:  Under most circumstances, school officials do not need to get a warrant before searching students, their lockers, backpacks, or other personal property. (New Jersey v. TLO)  Ã‚   Searches of Vehicles:  When police officers have probable cause to believe that a vehicle contains evidence of criminal activity, they may lawfully search any area of the vehicle in which the evidence might be found without a warrant. (Arizona v. Gant) In addition, police officers may lawfully conduct a traffic stop if they have reasonable suspicion that a traffic violation has occurred or that criminal activity is being carried out, for example, vehicles seen fleeing the scene of a crime. (United States v. Arvizu and Berekmer v. McCarty) Limited Power In practical terms, there is no means by which the government can exercise prior restraint on law enforcement officials. If an officer in Jackson, Mississippi wants to conduct a warrantless search without probable cause, the judiciary is not present at the time and cant prevent the search. This meant that the Fourth Amendment had little power or relevance until 1914. The Exclusionary Rule In Weeks v. United States (1914), the Supreme Court established what has been known as the exclusionary rule. The exclusionary rule states that evidence obtained through unconstitutional means is inadmissible in court and cannot be used as part of the prosecutions case. Before Weeks, law enforcement officials could violate the Fourth Amendment without being punished for it, secure the evidence, and use it at trial. The exclusionary rule establishes consequences for violating a suspects Fourth Amendment rights. Warrantless Searches The Supreme Court has held that searches and arrests can be performed without a warrant under some circumstances. Most notably, arrests and searches can be performed if the officer personally witnesses the suspect committing a misdemeanor, or has reasonable cause to believe that the suspect has committed a specific, documented felony. Warrantless Searches by Immigration Enforcement Officers On January 19, 2018, U.S. Border Patrol agents - without producing a warrant to do so - boarded a Greyhound bus outside the Fort Lauderdale, Florida station and arrested an adult female whose temporary visa had expired. Witnesses on the bus alleged that the Border Patrol agents had also asked everyone on board to show proof of U.S. citizenship. In response to inquiries, the Border Patrol’s Miami section headquarters confirmed that under the long-standing federal law, they can do that. Under Section 1357 of Title 8 of the United States Code, detailing the powers of immigration officers and employees, officers of the Border Patrol and Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) can, without a warrant: interrogate any alien or person believed to be an alien as to his right to be or to remain in the United States;arrest any alien who in his presence or view is entering or attempting to enter the United States in violation of any law or regulation made in pursuance of law regulating the admission, exclusion, expulsion, or removal of aliens, or to arrest any alien in the United States, if he has reason to believe that the alien so arrested is in the United States in violation of any such law or regulation and is likely to escape before a warrant can be obtained for his arrest, but the alien arrested shall be taken without unnecessary delay for examination before an officer of the Service having authority to examine aliens as to their right to enter or remain in the United States; andwithin a reasonable distance from any external boundary of the United States, to board and search for aliens any vessel within the territorial waters of the United States and any railway car, aircraft, con veyance, or vehicle, and within a distance of twenty-five miles from any such external boundary to have access to private lands, but not dwellings, for the purpose of patrolling the border to prevent the illegal entry of aliens into the United States. In addition, The Immigration and Nationality Act 287(a)(3) and CFR 287 (a)(3) states that Immigration Officers, without a warrant, may â€Å"within a reasonable distance from any external boundary of the United States...board and search for aliens in any vessel within the territorial waters of the United States and any railcar, aircraft, conveyance, or vehicle.† The Immigration and Nationality Act defines â€Å"Reasonable distance† as 100 miles.   The Right to Privacy Although the implicit privacy rights established in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) and Roe v. Wade (1973) are most often associated with the Fourteenth Amendment, the Fourth Amendment contains an explicit right of the people to be secure in their persons that is also strongly indicative of a constitutional right to privacy. Updated by Robert Longley

Proposal to Reduce Pollution in Phoenix, Arizona Essay

Proposal to Reduce Pollution in Phoenix, Arizona - Essay Example Improved roads will reduce bottlenecks along with a controllable and smooth traffic. Nonetheless, this measure in road improvement must also be implemented and integrated with improving traffic safety and encouraging the community to participate in reducing air pollution. In addition, the project will also include the construction of bicycle and motorcycle lanes, and sidewalks for those who prefer to walk. As an integrated project with road improvement, the community will be encouraged to alter their transportation practices in order to lessen the traffic in the city. Also, it will reduce air pollution because of the lesser carbon emission (Faiz, Weaver, & Walsh, 1996). Furthermore, some of the most common point sources or fix air pollutants are power plants, chemical producing factories, and wood and pulp factories (Kibble & Harrison, 2005). Legislation on the maximum permissible carbon emission of these companies is one of the aims of this proposal. Also, in order to eradicate or l essen the pollution in the city, companies will be given a specific time-frame in order to alter its production process into a more energy efficient manufacturing process. In addition, the establishment of urban forestry in the city will help in the pollution control coming from vehicles and manufacturing plants. Also, these areas will also help in the regulating the heat in the city, which will then reduce the usage of air conditioning units. These proposals must be researched and properly studied more prior to any plans for implementation.

What is the current status of clinical gene therapy trials for Chronic Essay

What is the current status of clinical gene therapy trials for Chronic Granulomatous Disorder - Essay Example ests that the disease is present in ‘one in 250,000’ infants at birth, but the symptoms become evident only when the child reaches a few months of age (Assari 2006: 6). Only 21% of patients have survived the disease beyond the age of 7 previously, whereas the recent trends show improvement in the survival rates because of the ‘advancement in treatments’ (Assari 2006: 6). On the other hand, the disease can rarely occur in adults, and therefore, if someone has the problem of ‘recurrent infections’, it will be advisable to subject such individuals to an evaluation, irrespective of the age factor (Chung, Cyr & Ellis 2013: 2). Gene therapy, which is the intervention in a disease or disorder through introducing genes into the affected cells to set right the impacts of ‘specific gene mutations’, is one of the methods used in the treatment of CGD (Dugal & Chaudhary 2012: 4). However, evidence suggests that in order for the treatment to be effective, the appropriate gene will have to be incorporated into the target cell ‘specifically, efficiently and stably’ (Dugal & Chaudhary 2012: 4). On the other hand, it is also necessary to use the most appropriate vector for the introduction of the gene or gene delivery into the human cell. Research studies have identified lentiviral vectors (LVs) to be one of the effective and the ‘most widely used’ vectors in gene therapy (Dugal & Chaudhary 2012: 4). A study conducted by Assari (2006: 6) on mice found that gene therapy, using recombinant retroviral vectors, is an effective treatment for the reconstruction of normal neutrophils an d in building ‘resistance to pathogens’ such as Aspergillus. The author also contends that gene therapy, using retroviral vectors in two humans, has produced ‘encouraging results’ where both of them have attained remarkable levels of gene corrected cells and their clinical conditions show good improvement (Assari 2006: 6). Studies further substantiate the fact that gene

Explain how the introduction of a minimum wage may affect the level of Essay

Explain how the introduction of a minimum wage may affect the level of employment in theory. Examine and critically assess the e - Essay Example When the government enforces the laws of minimum wages, then the market forces are disturbed and equilibrium ceases to exist creating a gap between the demand and supply, which is of labor in this case. The disequilibrium in theory results in a rise in the supply of labor but the demand reduces as the labor is now more costly. However, the magnitude by which this disequilibrium is caused depends upon the circumstances prevailing in each economy and varies from country to country which we will see later. The diagram to the right shows the labor market curve. When the market forces were independent and not disturbed, the market was in equilibrium that is the supply and demand curve intersected at a point which is known as the equilibrium point represented as L0 with the quantity of labor and W0 as the equilibrium wage rate. However, the market forces were disturbed and the minimum wage rate was introduced with the representation of Wmin. This created disequilibrium in the economy and t he supply and demand curves no longer intersect at the equilibrium point. There now is a gap between the demand and supply of labor which is equivalent to L2-L1 and this is the excess labor which is not required. Since the employment has gone down from L0 to L1, this shows that the implementation of a minimum wage policy results in a decline in unemployment in an economy. Several economists and business owner, small businesses in particular, have voiced their concerns that minimum wages will result in a rise in unemployment. The worst aspect of this rise in unemployment is the fact that the people who will be most affected are the poor people who are not too educated. When the minimum wage policy will be implemented, the costs of hiring on part of the employers will rise and they will be forced to wither cut the current staff or freeze their hiring programs. They think that the poor and uneducated people will be most affected since the policy is affecting only them. The educated or wealthy people are already employed on jobs at higher management levels and their current wages or salaries are nowhere near the minimum wages. It is the lower level staff whose wages are affected and hence the employers will be forced to take action against these employees. However, a liberal think tank with the name of Economic Policy Institute have conducted a research and it has suggested that there is little evidence to suggest that there is more or less no difference in the employment levels between states in America in some industries even though there is a difference in the minimum wage rates among the states. This suggests that the impact of an introduction of minimum wage policy is dependent upon other factors as well that is industry to industry in this case. This suggests that a minimum wage policy may not have such a significant impact as economists have previously suggested. As a matter of fact, it may even increase employment in some cases because the workers were act ually being paid less than the worth of revenue and profits that they were contributing to the firm economically. The findings have gone as far as suggesting that rather than creating disequilibrium in the market as a result of minimum wages, it may even help the market to come nearer to the equilibrium level by forcing the employers to pay a fairer wage to the employees. Furthermore, the employers always have the choice of reducing the supervision, training, and recruitment costs in order to balance

Should Congress have Term Limits?

Should Congress have Term Limits? Term limits are limitations that restrict the number of years that someone can serve in an elected office. However, there are no limitations of terms for the members of Congress. They are allowed to run for reelection as many times as they want. The founding fathers intended that elections would reflect the political values of citizens and check the power of government. Term limits should be implemented to prevent career politicians because the founding founders never intended politics to become a career. The United States should have a national referendum to propose a constitutional amendment to institute term limits. The founding of the United States was a radical movement by a collection of like-minded individuals who had new ideas of freedom and self-governments. The backgrounds of the founding fathers were varying from scholars, statesmen, industrialists, and businessmen. The juxtaposition of their backgrounds fostered debate, new ideas, consensus, and descent. It can be said the each of the founding fathers were leaders, not only in their communities, but in their fields. Professional politicians were not yet a byproduct of the new American government. Also there were not yet distinct political parties or PACs or super PACs (Political action committees).   In the beginnings of this representative republic most congressmen did not serve more than a couple of terms. Most had lives, families, and business to get back to. They saw serving in congress as a duty and sacrifice in an effort to make the country grow and stronger. Term limits should be introduced to reinforce states’ rights, reduce corruption, and reinvigorate the republic. In the 1990 congressional reelection, voter’s reelected rate of incumbents exceeded ninety-six percent. Voters that disapproved by Congress just stayed at home and didn’t vote because it seemed that there opinion didn’t matter. It also made it difficult for voters to express their opinion about Congress. Two days before the election in 1990, there was a national survey that showed that sixty-nine percent of people did not approve of Congress. Fifty-one percent did approve of the congressmen that were chosen. The 22nd Amendment was added to the constitution in February of 1951. This limited the number of terms a president can serve. Franklin Delano Roosevelt served twelve years. Congress decided that there needed to be an amendment that limits the amount of terms that presidents can serve for. They made this decision not long after Roosevelt’s death. Term limits were put in place to restrict too much executive power. Fifteen states have adopted term limits for their state legislators, but states can’t limit the terms for U.S. Senators. On November third of 1992, in the Arkansas Supreme Court, amendment seventy-three (the term limitation amendment) was adopted by Arkansas voters. This amendment provided for limits of two terms for executive officials and state senators and three terms for state representatives. If someone served two or more terms as a member of the United States Senate from Arkansas, they would be ineligible for re-election as a US Senator from Arkansas, due to the term limitation amendment. â€Å"Its preamble stated: ‘The people of Arkansas find and declare that elected officials who remain in office too long become preoccupied with reelection and ignore their duties as representatives of the people. Entrenched incumbency has reduced voter participation and has led to an electoral system that is less free, less competitive, and less representative than the system established by the Founding Fathers. Therefore, the people of Arkansas, exercising their reserved powers, herein limit the terms of the elected officials.’†. (Stevens 5) In May of 1995, the Supreme Court made a decision ruling 5-4 in United States Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton. The ruling was that â€Å"states cannot impose term limits upon their federal Representatives or Senators. In the 1994 elections, part of the Republican platform included legislation for term limits in Congress† (Stevens 72). Term limits would make it difficult for the federal government to enact rules, laws, create agencies that strip powers from the states, for example EPA (environmental protection agencies), DHS (department of homeland security), DOE (department of education), entitlement programs, earmarks, and subsidies. The Constitutional power that the federal government is responsible for is entering into treaties with foreign governments. They also have the power to wage war, declare war, and win war.   Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States   Constitution , which gives Congress the power â€Å"to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes.† Section 8 also explains Congress may have the â€Å"power to lay and collect taxes†, declare war, regulate interstate commerce, coin money, and raise an army. â€Å"When the Framers met in Philadelphia in 1787 and wrote the constitution that governs us today, they addressed that failure and through the commerce and the privileges and immunities clauses that created a national free-trade zone. The original purpose of the commerce clause was primarily a means to eliminate trade barriers among the states. They didnt intend for the commerce clause to govern so much of our lives. Indeed, as James Madison, the father of our Constitution, explained, ‘The powers delegated by the proposed Constitution to the federal government are few and defined. Those which are to remain in the State governments are numerous and indefinite’†. (Williams 3) The longest someone has served in the Senate is fifty-one years, five months, and twenty-six days. The person who held this record is Robert C. Byrd. John Dingell Jr. served in the House of Representatives for more than fifty-three years.   Congressmen are not there long enough to gain power, or write legislation in the form of tax loop holes. Term limits will break the cycle of career politicians (people building power over time) and facilitate a return to the â€Å"common man† being involved in the political process. They will bring new ideas, new perspective, and reinforce â€Å"of the people, by the people, for the people.†Ã‚   The phrase â€Å"drain the swap† refers to removing career politicians from their elected office.   There are a lot of people who think that America is just filled with a bunch of career politicians, and we need to â€Å"drain the swamp†. Some of these career politicians aren’t accountable to the people. They stop doing what the people want and focus on running for reelection and how they are going to deal with things themselves. â€Å"Term limits in Congress would encourage members of Congress to make their time in office matter.† (Desantis 21). A member of the United States Term Limits advocacy group, Austin Sekel wrote that â€Å"term limits don’t exist to keep people out of office. They exist to make the regular rotation possible, and to create opportunities for new leaders to emerge.†Ã‚  (Sekel 7). Term limits aren’t meant to push people out of Congress. Without term limits, only certain people can run for election. Other citizens don’t have an equal chance of becoming a new congressman, when the same people get reelected every election. The Founding Fathers intended for other people to have a chance to become congressmen, develop new ideas, create opportunities, and become new leaders in America. The Founding Fathers were not career politicians. It is difficult to believe when they were developing the frame work and the foundations of the new republic, that they would purposely develop or create a mechanism that would introduce a class of citizen who would monopolize and control the political process over time. While removing the very strength of the public, by eroding states’ rights and coagulate consolidating power into a central government. The United States of America was built as a representative republic. There should be no career politicians, billion dollar contracts, trillion dollar budgets, or two thousand plus page bills passed by the federal government, with hidden kickbacks, special interest, and earmarks. The only time the federal government meaning the legislature should ever agree on anything should be in the matters of treaties, and war. The federal government was designed so that congress and the senate would find it extremely difficult to build consensus on any issue unless it was a clear and present danger, or such a massive societal shift that you could get more than 60 percent of the citizenry or their representative to agree to a national change. As it stands now, congress has turned into an elite club ran by career politicians, special interest, and power brokers. Instituting term limits would reinvigorate the republic, restore power to the states, and reduce corruption. Works Cited Liedl, Mark B. â€Å"The Case for Limiting Congressional Terms.† The Heritage Foundation, 1 Dec. 1990, www.heritage.org/report/the-case-limiting-congressional-terms. Staff, LII. â€Å"Commerce Clause.† LII / Legal Information Institute, 11 June 2016, www.law.cornell.edu/wex/commerce_clause. Williams, Walter E. â€Å"Commerce Clause Abuse.† Commerce Clause Abuse, 4 Oct. 2003, econfaculty.gmu.edu/wew/articles/03/abuse.html. Murse, Tom. â€Å"The Pros and Cons of Imposing Terms Limits for Congress.† ThoughtCo, 9 July 2017, www.thoughtco.com/debate-over-term-limits-for-congress-3367505. U. S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton. Oyez, 24 Apr. 2018, www.oyez.org/cases/1994/93-1456. Stevens. U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779 (1995)., 22 May 1995, www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/93-1456.ZO.html. â€Å"The Limits of Term Limits.† Restoration: Congress, Term Limits, and the Recovery of the Deliberative Democracy, by Terry Eastland, pp. 54–55.

Light and Dark in Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad Essay -- Joseph C

     Ã‚   In the book, Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, all the characters are pulled into a well of black despair. Conrad uses the darkness of the situation contrasted to the light of society to show man’s dependence on western morals, and how when these morals are challenged by the darkness, the light crumbles under its newly weakened foundation. The contrast between light and dark is most stark in the themes of setting, the changes in Europeans as they drive farther into the Congo, and the white man’s collapse under the ultimate darkness of the Innermost Congo. The setting of Heart of Darkness is a very critical part of the book, and Conrad goes to extreme lengths to highlight the evil radiating from the region in which he sets his book. First, the tale is told in a frame story pattern, Marlow is relating his experience to friends in a setting different from that of the primary tale. But the setting where Marlow tells his tale is a foreshadow of what is to come. Marlow presents his story on a boat in the dark of night, creating a sense of evil surrounding the story. The darkness is so deep where Marlow rests during the telling of his tale, that he cannot see his friends, and instead tells the story to the darkness itself. Once the narrative begins, Conrad quickly places his character in another situation which only foretells of the place to which he is going. Within a Belgian office, Marlow examines a map of the area into which he is traveling, he describes it, "...on one end a large shining map, marked with all the colours of a rainbow. There was a vast amount of red-good to see at any time, because one knows that some real work is done in there, a deuce of a lot of blue, a little green, smears of orange, and, on the... ...s us human, but we must always understand that it is only a mask, and not the truth, because one day everyone will be faced with the darkness of the true nature of our world, and we will stare into the heart of the darkness, and it will break us, as it did to Kurtz, or enlighten us, as it did to Marlow.       Works Cited and Consulted Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New Jersey: The Ecco Press, 1992. Guerard, Albert J. Conrad the Novelist. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard U. Press, 1958. Guerard, Albert J. "Heart of Darkness". TCLC. 13:114. Karl, Fredrick R. "Heart of Darkness". TCLC. 6:121. Kimbrough, Robert, ed. Heart of Darkness: An Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Sources, Criticism. By Joseph Conrad. 3rd ed. Norton Critical Edition. New York: Norton, 1988.   Meyers, Jeffrey.   Joseph Conrad.   New York:   Charles Scribner's Sons, 1991.

Can Korean Red Ginseng Increase the Life Span of Cancer Patients?

According to the newspaper article, it claims that Korean red ginseng is capable of increasing the life spans of cancer patients. However, it seems that no concrete evidence is present as yet to substantiate this claim since â€Å"nobody knows the results†. The article mentioned that Korean red ginseng has played a vital role in extending French politician, Francois Mitterrand’s life from three months to more than half a year. Professor Kim Si-kwan at Konkuk University further supports this statement as he mentioned, â€Å"red Korean ginseng reduces the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body†.Similarly, Professor Park Jeong-hill at Seoul National University also supported the statement as he said, â€Å"it is crucial to deter ROS to prevent or deal with cancer†. According to my online research, ROS are chemically reactive molecules that contain oxygen and they are able to cause harm to cell structures. Particularly, oxidative DNA damage can ar ise from mitochondria mutation and therefore, leading to cancer (Frei, 1997). Besides that, Korean Ginseng Corporation has stated that Korean red ginseng contains anti-carcinogenic that aids in limiting or slowing down the spread of cancer cell growth.Hence, I feel that it is a sound claim that Korean red ginseng is able to deter cancer cell growth since Korean Ginseng Corporation has stated its stand to support the article’s claim in their company website. Korean Ginseng Corporation has over a hundred year of legacy worldwide and its ginseng is available in the international markets as well, hence it is very likely that the statement from its company website is trustworthy and accurate. Therefore, this makes it a reliable piece of evidence to a certain extent and I can trust its contents.Moreover, Korean Ginseng Corporation has also carried out several experiments to substantiate the fact that Korean red ginseng is able to bring about longer life spans. For instance, a contr ol group of men and women were made to consume Korean red ginseng for a given period of time and compared to those who did not consume it. Results showed that those who consumed the Korean red ginseng lived a longer life than those who did not (Please refer to Appendix 1). As a result, I feel that this piece of evidence is sufficient to support the article’s claim and I can accept its stand.Adding on, the consumption of Korean red ginseng is able to help decrease incidence of cancer according to Korean Ginseng Corporation (Please refer to Appendix 2). Thus, I trust the article’s claim to an extent. However, I feel that the evidence from the article is unreliable to a certain extent. From the article, it is said that Mitterrand’s life span had increased to more than twice because he consumed Korean red ginseng. A possible reasoning that he lived longer than expected could be due to the inaccurate prediction from his doctor, rather than the effects of Korean red g inseng alone.From my online research, it is common that doctors are â€Å"poor at predicting life span, even when they're dealing with the terminally ill† patients (Schumann, 2010). Thus, I feel that it is not accurate evidence to support the article’s claim and I am unable to accept it. Furthermore, the article states â€Å"one of the most bought items by visiting Chinese tourists to Korea is red ginseng†. This statement is vague and I feel that it does not imply that the consumers bought the Korean red ginseng out of pure belief that it can prevent cancer, or rather to increase their life span.There is a possibility that the consumers bought the Korean red ginseng because of the effects of â€Å"word of mouth†, which means that they buy the ginseng simply because everybody else had bought it. It is similar to a chain effect. As such, I feel that this evidence from the article is insufficient and I am unable to accept that it can support the article†™s claim. Moreover, the extension of life span of cancer patients can be attributed to many other external factors rather than just the consumption of Korean red ginseng alone.For instance, studies have shown that by maintaining an optimistic attitude can help lengthen life span too (Wells, 2012). A Yale University researchers statement further supports this statement that: Positive self-perceptions can prolong life expectancy (Lovette, 2012). Hence, this shows that the claim is unreliable to a certain extent since it failed to recognize other factors that contribute to the increase of life span. In conclusion, I agree with the claim made by the article after weighing both sides of it. It is no doubt that Korean red ginseng is able to bring about good health if consumed long term.However, I feel that the use of Korean red ginseng to overcome cancer cannot be regarded as a single remedy on its own. It must be coupled with other external factors such as healthy lifestyle, optimistic environment and attitude in order to maximize the positive effects. According to Korean Ginseng Corporation, long-term consumption of it can help fight insomnia, anti-ageing, increase concentration, stamina, improve memory function and many more. Frei. B. (1997). Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Vitamins. Taken from http://lpi. oregonstate. edu/f-w97/reactive. html Korean Ginseng Corporation.Taken from http://www. kgcus. com/Studies. html Lovett. S. (2012). 10 Practical steps to a more optimistic attitude- in just 30 days Taken from http://australianriverrestorationcentre. com. au/2012/05/ Schumann. J. H. (2010). The Worst Fortune Tellers. Why doctors are so bad at predicting how long their patients will live. Taken from http://www. slate. com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2010/08/the_worst_fortune_tellers. html Wells. J. (2012). Optimistic People Live Longer Taken from http://www. familyhealthguide. co. uk/10-tips-for-a-longer-happier-life. html

How much can be said that Macbeth is a Horror Story Essay Example

How much can be said that Macbeth is a Horror Story Essay Example How much can be said that Macbeth is a Horror Story Paper How much can be said that Macbeth is a Horror Story Paper and then is heard no more. This implies that Macbeth thinks life is insignificant and is merely a wandering object. Shakesphere has related his play to what Macbeth thinks of life, Macbeth believes that people live their life on earth and then they die. As Macbeth has murdered so many people he is used to murder now, I have almost forgotten the taste of fear. Macbeth has forgotten what fear is like because he has been exposed to something incredibly stronger than fear and now here is alone to fulfil his ambitions. Macbeth realises that his crown is, Fruitless, and his sceptre, Barren. He murdered Duncan in order to make the witches prophecy come true, but now he plots to murder Banquo and Fleance so the witches promise to Banquo may not come true. Macbeth, is made up of a great deal of Murder, but it also contains perversion. Lady Macbeth experienced a very weird type of perversion because with the pressure from the murders she couldnt cope and cracked. She then turned to the dark side and asked to be as strong, inside, as a man. Come you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts! Unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top- full of direst cruelty; and make thick my blood, stop up the access and passage to remorse. This quote is very strong, it makes the audience realise that if someone like Lady Macbeth, who made once a very courageous and noble man go against his will, is finally cracking under the strain, therefore the situation must be getting tense and too much for even the strongest of people. The audience may realise that Macbeth may crack soon, like Lady Macbeth. Shakespeare used the words, Stop up the access passage to remorse, because it shows that Lady Macbeth has a guilty conscience and wants to stop anything else which could make her feel guilty for what she has done, it also shows that her ,mind is failing. Lady Macbeth wants to be as strong mentally as Macbeth is physically so she can handle the situation, Make thick my blood. This is used because she wants to be stronger and less caring, referring to turning to the dark side again. Macbeth knows she is weak inside, but strong on the outside. Lady Macbeth is the backbone of the plot for Macbeth to be king, soon after she kills herself the idea of Macbeth becoming king seems to get further and further away for him. Although, I think, I have mentioned the most important aspects of horror there are still a few more which add to the plays effect on the audience. Madness is used to a great degree in, Macbeth, this ties in with obsession and the witches. During the play Macbeth admits that he is going mad. I have suppd full with horrors; direness, familiar to my slaughterous thoughts, cannot start me. This means that Macbeth is no longer afraid of death. Horror, familiar to his thoughts can never alarm him. Nothing can worry him now, he is in despair, he doesnt care about his life, it means nothing. lifes but a walking shadow, this symbolises a person living their life on earth, then dying. There is no meaning to life. Shadow, is used because a shadow is insubstantial which is what Macbeth thinks about life at that moment of time. The fact that Macbeth has gone mad would horrify the audience because at the beginning of the play he was referred to as, For brave Macbeth, O valiant cousin! Worthy gentleman, Noble Macbeth. Now the audience would hate him because he has murdered the king, the innocents, his cousin and his friends. All of this has happened because of the witches and his obsession with ambition. Animal imagery can also create horror in a story, the play has various instances of animal imagery. Macbeth is full of, Scorpions, Banquo sees Macbeth as a poisonous snake that is worming his way into his heart. The order of nature and harmony of the state have both been over thrown and the result is society in chaos, which has consistently been shown to us using animal imagery. The witches use animals to horrify the audience, Double, double, toil and trouble; Fire burn and cauldron bubble Fillet of a fenny snake, in the cauldron boil and bake; eye of newt, and toe of frog wool of bat, tongue of dog, adders fork and blind worms sting, lizards leg, and howlets wing, for a charm of powerful trouble, like a hell-broth boil and bubble. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth cant see good from evil. Macbeth is murder motivated and turns to the witches again for help. He has turned to the dark side. Macbeth is addicted to power and murder. As Macbeth went back to the witches he turned to the dark side or the evil side, this means he is like a devil and the, Sacrilegious act, that he committed means nothing to him now, but before he was sorry for what he had done, I have livd long enough : my way of life I falln into the sere, the yellow leaf, and that which should accompany old age as honour, love, obedience, troops of friends. I conclude that, Macbeth, contains many different aspects of horror and I can safely say that, Macbeth, was a horror story in the Shakespearean times. I believe that, Macbeth, today, is not classed as a play of horror because not many people see witches as frightening. Hansel Gretel and Snowwhite and the seven dwarfs, both of these famous children stories involve witches this proves that in todays world, witches arent scary. Most modern films dont include fate or supernatural, but more murder and obsession.

Shianne Buie Chap 19 CC Throughout its history, Am Essays

Shianne Buie Chap 19 CC Throughout its history, Am Essays Shianne Buie Chap 19 CC Throughout its history, America has served as the destination point for a steady flow of immigrants. Our country has even earned itself a nickname, " The melting pot " in reference to the numerous cultures that make up the population. After reading over the European Immigration mentioned in the chapter I found myself curious about the circumstances of first immigrants to ever come to America. Funny enough my curiosity also led me to decide on comparing and contrasting these two immigration periods in American history. It ' s no secret that millions of people from all over the globe have come to call the United States their home throughout the years. From the first ever settler to the most recent new citizen, each and every person had a reason for coming here. Whatever that reason when they came they brought their culture, ideals, religion and many other things along with them. It ' s because of these people that America is such a unique place and without the immigrations of the past we would not be the country we are today. During the colonial era most i mmi grants came from England, while smaller numbers hailed from France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and other northern European countries. While i n contrast, the immigrants who arrived during the urbanization of America came from all four corners of Europe. There were those who came from northern and western Europe, particularly Germany, Great Britain, and the Nordic countries . While there were also immigrants who hailed from the southern and eastern European countries, including Italy, Greece, Russia and Poland. The people who immigrated in our country were from all different walks of life. A great deal of the first ever immigrants were indentured servants bound to servitude in the new world. The rest were pilgrims seeking religious freedom, aristocrats seeking their fortunes and countless others who merely wanted a fresh start. Whether they were a servant or the second son of a lord, the living conditions were harsh for the first immigrants. The journeys across the sea weren ' t all too kind and the life of land was that easy either. Many people died of disease, starvation and some even froze to death during the winters. Now it was a different story when it came to the later arrivals, most of which were penniless, uneducated peasants who could not speak or understand English at all. They, like the first immigrants, were drawn to America due to the mere promises of religious freedom and financial stability. However there were some differences in the reasoning of the two waves of migrants as well. Many of the new arrivals had also been forced out of their homelands due to famines, while others left to escape political or racial persecutio n, and even compulsory military servi ce. Whatever reason immigrants had for comin g the United States a great number of them came indeed. While the first immigrants had to make their own societies from scratch and overcome the environmental struggles, the later arrivals didn ' t have such a hard time. When the industrial economy started booming many new workers were needed in America and this need was met by countless immigrants arriving from Europ e. This level of immigration caused both the American and overall foreign population to increase significantly. While the specifics on the increase in population for the first immigrants are not entirely certain due to lack of documentation, the rise in numbers due to later migration is known. It is said that the European immigrants came to America by the boat loads during the late eighteen hundreds and according to the textbook, by 1890 over 80 percent of the New York population was either an immigrant or a child of one. Add the first wave of immigration to this and one can surely say that the maj ority of America is descended from immigrants. The waves in question defiantly had their differences, but the immigrants of both times periods seemed to have more in common than one would've initially thought.

English Language Skills for Academic Study Essay

English Language Skills for Academic Study - Essay Example Conversely, the possibility of all the income going to one person denoted as having a Gini coefficient of 1 (Minton, 2012).Global inequality is demonstrated through income gaps that have been witnessed between individuals, where the gap between the rich and the poor has drawn closer. Therefore, income inequality has a negative effect on economic growth. Intensive Global Inequality Apparently, income equality as an extra ordinary economic development is not based on the United States of America only. Other countries in the world such as Britain, Canada, China, India, and even Sweden have experienced an increase in the national economic share to around 1 % (Cleaver, 2013). Similarly, one of the world’s famous magazines, Forbes has argued that in the United States of America, there are around 421 billionaires, Russia has 96, China has 95 and India has 48. In addition, Santiso & Blommestein, 2007 argues that the world richest man is a Mexican who is worth approximately $ 69 Billio n, the largest building belongs to an Indian among other economic income disparities. In a general sense, the concentration of wealth has become part of a wider disparity in the in income distribution. This is arguably true because some parts and groups of people do not receive the share of resources. This leads to negative economic growth. Consequently, the income gap has continually varied in most countries in the world for the last three decades. For instance, the Gini coefficient in the United States of America has gone up to almost 30% from 1980 with coefficient ranging at 0.39. In China, the coefficient has increased by 50% reading at about 0.42. In the same way, Sweden has increased by around 25% read at 0.24 Gini coefficient (Jubis, 2013). However, in contrast to this, Latin America has been named as the world unequal continent since it has experienced a down ward trend demonstrated through the sharp decline of the Gini coefficient (Dicken, 2010). In light of such deliberati ons, it is correct to argue that the income gap leads to negative economic growth. This assertion is true because people with low income would not be in a position accomplishing all their needs. Income Inequality as the ‘Delay Factor’ to Recession Recovery It is argued that income inequality has become a barrier or a slowing factor towards the recovery of the great recession. A recent debate economic contraction has given a vivid picture on the level of income inequality in the economic development. In light of this, two liberalist economists have given their contribution toward this debate (Stevenson & Duch, 2008). According to Stigliz, the economic inequality is preventing the recovery of the global recession due to numerous reasons. To begin with, the liberal economist argues that the middle class is not capable of giving support to consumer spending, which has driven the growth of the economy for the longest period (Stevenson & Duch, 2008). For this reason, most peo ple in the United States of America cannot manage to pay education for themselves and their children. Moreover, Stigliz articulates that the enormous lack of income from the middle class has led to the lack of tax payments a situation that is associated with frequent and more severe cycles of income inequality (Jubis, 2013). It is apparent that with low income, some people would not be able to revive any economic activities within

Management in the Apple Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management in the Apple Company - Research Paper Example The fanatical loyalty of the Apple brand becomes obvious to an outsider when he/she sees the shoppers sleeping just next to the shop-door in an attempt to be the first one to buy the new Apple item. Apple’s success as a company and the development of liking among the people for the Apple products as well as the whole Apple culture is an outcome of prudent and timely planning. This paper looks into the way management of the Apple Company has dealt with the four management functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Management Functions 1. Planning Apple’s successful strategic planning is the most fundamental reason of its success. Apple’s foresightedness is a virtue that helps the Company display excellent and realistic planning. Apple regularly assesses the risks in the planning phase, thinks of a number of ways in which the risk can be mitigated and finally, takes the action that incurs Apple the minimal cost and the offers maximal advantage to t he Company. Challenges that the Apple Company has conventionally planned for include but are not limited to the altering buying attitude of the target customers under effect of the global economy and/or their local economies, and growth in the number of fake and pirated items. Apple has frequently employed branding as a strategy to succeed in the ever-increasing competition. Branding can be defined as a process through which a brand develops association of the consumers with itself so that they would approach the very brand when they need to purchase something. There are few people who decide to purchase an Apple computer, though they surely want to try the less expensive gadgets like iPhone and iPod. Apple provides new users with an opportunity to learn about Apple by selling such gadgets at a significantly lower cost. Hence, Apple plans to use the small gadgets as advertisers to convince the users to buy larger and more expensive Apple products like Apple computers. 2. Organizing In the start, Apple was facing the problem of recognition. The sales staffers have for long been insufficiently informed of the Apple products. In order to tackle this problem, Apple resolved to establish its own stores that would have nothing but all Apple products in them. This enabled Apple not only to give a unique identity to its products amongst the similar computing devices already available in the market, but also make a customer-loyalty move. Consumers are facilitated with the establishment of Apple stores since both the PC and the Mac users can shop together. â€Å"This is a space where Macheads can not only get service but also hang out with others who enjoy Apple products just as much as they do. By creating this space, Apple encourages current and new customers to get excited about what it has to offer† (Inside CRM, 2011). 3. Leading Steve P. Jobs is Apple’s cofounder and the chief executive of the Company. Apple’s success can also be attributed to a significant extent to the exceptional leadership skills of Jobs. Jobs has invested so much energy in taking Apple from the nascent state to the level where it is today that he has taken little care of his own health. Owing to his deteriorating health, Jobs has taken medical leave for the company thrice within a period of ten years. In his absence, Timothy D. Cook used to look after the everyday works in the Apple Company. Most experts are of the view that although Jobs has